There are certain things being worked on in this world that could have dramatic significant importance for our future and I think every educated person should at least have an understanding of it.
In this post I plan to discuss the ideas behind one of the hottest topics being debated in physics for the past 30 years, String Theory. I plan to explain it in the most elementary way I know how including an explanation of one of the theories off shoots, the concepts of multiple dimensions.
String Theory or Super String Theory as some people like to call it is by no means an easy topic to understand and the math supporting it is only really understood by a handful of the smartest brains in the world. Unfortunately the author of this post is not one of them but luckily for us the concepts behind the theory can be understood without having to know mathematics.
Before I begin and go on to explain String Theory I should point out that ideas like the Big Bang Theory are concepts that have not yet been proven. The physicist’s working on these large concept ideas hopes to one day prove the theories so it is important to understand that for as popular an idea these are, things like the Big Bang Theory and String Theory are just grandiose ideas thought up by some very smart people.
In Time Magazines The Unraveling of String Theory they explain the concept of String Theory as
There were good reasons for the theory’s appeal when it first emerged in the late 1970s and early ’80s. At the time, physicists found themselves facing a crisis: the two most important ideas of 20th century physics, relativity and quantum theory, were known to be fundamentally incompatible. Quantum theory describes the universe as intrinsically discontinuous: energy, for example, can come in bits just so small, but no smaller. Relativity treats time and space and gravity as a smooth, unbroken continuum. Each theory has its purposes, and they usually don’t overlap. But when dealing with very large masses or time periods that are infinitesimally small, like the core of a black hole or the first moments after the Big Bang, neither quite works.
The above explanation is good but I believe I can simplify String Theory by saying that we have mathematics that can explain thing which is large in the universe. Large things can be anything that is not at the atomic level. We use these types of mathematics every day from shooting astronauts into space to calculating the size and weight of just about everything.
We also have another type of mathematics that explains things which are extremely small. Things on the atomic level are as small as the universe is large. We call the smallest of smalls at the atomic level the quantum level or quantum mechanics.
Now having an understanding that we have a mathematical framework for all things large and one for all things small we realize that that when thinking about other big concepts such as the Big Bang, where the mass is infinitesimally large but the time frame and size are infinitesimally small all our underlying mathematical frameworks break down.
String Theory, or as others like to call it “The Theory of Everything” tries to create some underlying mathematics that is one level smaller then the Quantum level and the Relativity level which could tie the two together.
If these two theories were tapestries the little dots on the smallest level is what string theory would be trying to explain.
Over the past 30 years some of the smartest brains in the world have flocked towards studying String Theory and the mathematics behind it is showing concepts you would only expect to see from Star Trek episodes.
One such concept found when unveiling String Theory is the idea behind multiple dimensions. The concept of higher dimensions beyond the 3rd (which we are used to) in itself is extremely difficult to grasp. The fact is, very few people can truly understand or vision the ideas behind another dimension apart from our own because the human mind is not equipped to handle such thought.
I’ve heard a handful of scientists try to explain the concepts behind dimensions and I found Carl Sagan in his 13 hour long series Cosmos explain it the best.
In his first example Sagan uses little packets of sugar that you can find on a restaurants coffee table next to the condiments. Sagan goes on to lay several sugar packets flat out on table and explains that the packets represent the human species and the table is a represent of the world the sugar packets occupy.
This is a two dimensional world and you can imagine the sugar packets are able to move right left, forward and backwards. They are not able to move up and down.
Let’s just say you were a sugar packet and you stood before all the other sugar packets to explain to the crowd that there is something more to life then going right, left, forward and backwards. You explain that there is also an up and down. The fact is, none of the other ‘regular’ sugar packets would get this concept as it is impossible for them to grasp.
In the sugar packet world things are only two dimensional and understanding yet let alone visioning a third dimension is beyond their comprehension.
Another example of explaining the concepts of understanding a higher dimension is the use of drawing a 3d square on a piece of paper. When we were all in grade school we learned how to draw a 3d box. When looking at the 3d mockup on paper the model looks really nothing like having a real 3d box sitting in front of you. When drawn, the 3d square has been converted to 2d and the image is shown flat with distorted lines representing the real 3d model to the best of our ability.
Going back to our sugar packet world, you can see that these people would have no problem drawing a 2d model of a three dimensional square but they would never be able to create or see an actual 3d square as their physical universe prohibits it.
For years now that mathematics coming out of the ideas from String Theory are showing we live in a world that has 10, 11 or even 26 dimensions. Perhaps our brains can conceptualize 4d, based on a 3d model but how can we possibly conceive a world with 9 dimensions or 20 dimensions?
If you find this topic interesting and would like to learn more I highly recommend watching The Elegant Universe by Brian Green. It’s a 3 part Nova series that does an amazing job explaining many of the concepts I briefly mentioned here.
I was asked a few months ago what could possibly come of all these smart physicists spending their time studying things such as these theories of everything. I explained that at one time studying ideas on the quantum level were unknown and no one really knew where that science would go.
We can thank those physicists back in the 1920’s for their ground breaking achievements in quantum physics as this led to the evolution of the electronic circuit which in turn is allowing you to read this post.